參與者的平均年齡為35歲,接下來他們要完成四種獨立人格的問卷.
The first measured their levels of aggression by asking them to rate how much statements such as 'Given enough provocation, I may hit someone' sounded like them.
第一個層面是對人格侵略性的測量,通過他們對侵略性陳述和自己的相似程度作出的自我評價來判斷,比如"假如有人挑釁,我可能會出手揍他".
For the second, participants were asked to rate how strongly they agreed or disagreed with statements designed to assess the personality traits of Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism.
在第二個層面,他們被要求針對問卷設計的具有馬基雅維利主義、病態人格和自戀癥特征的陳述,表明自己的認同程度.
Example questions in each of these sections included 'I tend to manipulate others to get my way', 'I tend to be callous or insensitive' and 'I tend to want others to pay attention to me', respectively.
以上每一類的示例問題分別包括"為了達成目的,我可能會利用他人","我很容易變得冷酷無情或麻木不仁"以及"我希望他人能關注我".
Next, the participants answered questions relating to the 'Big 5' personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability.
接下來,參與者需要回答有關外向型、親和型、自覺型與情感穩定型的五大性格維度測試問題.
And lastly they completed the Comprehensive Assessment of Sadistic Tendencies, which assesses a person's tendency towards 'everyday sadism'.
最后,他們會完成施虐傾向的綜合評價問卷,測試他們是否具有"日常施虐"的人格傾向.
This involved rating on a scale how much they agreed or disagreed with statements such as 'When making fun of someone, it is especially amusing if they realise what I'm doing', and 'I enjoy tormenting people'.
這一問卷基于他們對一系列陳述的認同程度,如"當惡搞某人時,如果他們意識到我對他們做了什么,我會感到特別好玩","我很享受折磨別人".
'General bitter taste preferences emerged as a robust predictor for Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism and everyday sadism,' the researchers wrote in the journal Appetite.
研究者在Appetite期刊上寫道,"一般來說,偏愛苦味是馬基雅維利式操縱狂、心理變態、自戀傾向以及施虐傾向強有力的預測信號."
Agreeableness – the extent to which a person is kind, sympathetic and cooperative– was negatively correlated with bitter taste preferences, they added.
他們補充道,親和性（善良、有同情心和合作精神的人格維度）與偏愛苦味呈負相關.
