China has achieved a significant milestone in space science with the recent completion and national acceptance of the Chinese Meridian Project (CMP) Phase II on Friday.
This project represents the world's first comprehensive ground-based monitoring network spanning the entire Sun-Earth space environment, extending from the solar atmosphere to near-Earth space, said Li Hui, deputy director of the National Space Science Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The breakthrough delivers 72-hour early warnings in space weather forecasting as solar activity approaches its 11-year peak this year, which poses interference risks to space missions and navigation systems, said Luo Bingxian, deputy director of the State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather at the NSSC.
With construction starting in 2019, CMP Phase II established a "two vertical, two horizontal" double-cross monitoring network along the 100°E and 120°E longitudes and the 30°N and 40°N latitudes.
By integrating 16 new observation stations with the original 15 CMP Phase I stations, the project enables unprecedented three-dimensional monitoring of space weather phenomena, from solar eruptions to Earth's atmospheric responses.
CMP Phase II features several key technological advancements, Li said, with the Daocheng Radio Telescope (DART) ranking first. The ring-shaped array captures 3D coronal tomography with a 10-solar-radius field of view, enabling exceptional tracking of solar activity.
In addition, the project includes the world's first tristatic incoherent scatter radar system, which employs phased array technology to perform ionospheric computed tomography scanning and 3D imaging over distances of thousands of kilometers.
The Chinese Dual Auroral Radar Network, a mid-latitude high-frequency radar array achieves 24/7 observation of ionospheric dynamics across Asia, covering over 4,000 km meridionally and 10,000 km zonally.
Since its trial phase, CMP Phase II has demonstrated high reliability, Li said. It captured the May 2024 super geomagnetic storm, providing real-time, high-precision data crucial to understanding atmospheric responses to the space environment.
Wang Chi, principal investigator of CMP Phase II, said that the project exemplifies China's institutional strengths in mega-science.
"By unifying global-scale monitoring, we are building a critical shield against space weather threats and offering innovative solutions to global scientific challenges," he said.
Building on this success, China is launching the International Meridian Circle Program — a 180-degree longitude monitoring chain, extending from 120°E to 60°W, enabling continuous, all-latitude observation of space weather. This initiative will address transnational challenges such as solar storms and geomagnetic disruptions, reflecting a commitment to a collaborative future in space exploration.
"China is the first country to attempt constructing the world's largest telescope. The preliminary design and validation phases alone consumed half the project timeline, uncovering numerous technical bottlenecks. With perseverance and patience, we addressed these challenges step by step," said Yan Jingye, chief designer of the DART, a ring-shaped array, for Phase II of the CMP.
All equipment and data from the project will be made accessible to domestic and international universities and research institutions for collaborative research, Li said.
"Space environment and weather are integral to the community with a shared future for mankind. However, disturbances in space weather pose a significant challenge worldwide, requiring coordinated efforts from the international community," he said.
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